How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan?

How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan?: Sudan's political parties emerged in the shadow of colonial departure, shaped by ambition, urgency, and imitation. Inspired — perhaps too faithfully — by the British colonization, Sudanese elites envisioned a parliamentary democracy modeled on Westminster. They believed that by transplanting the structure of British politics, they could cultivate a similar democratic culture in Khartoum.

How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan? "A Pre-road to Fracture": — Hands exerting force on people, symbolizing manipulation rooted in political parties' orientations. This imagery reflects how sectarian and regressive parties have driven the public into a vacuum of confusion and meaninglessness. The consequence - then and now - is a fractured Sudan, struggling with a lost sense of identity.How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan? "A Pre-road to Fracture": — Hands exerting force on people, symbolizing manipulation rooted in political parties' orientations. This imagery reflects how sectarian and regressive parties have driven the public into a vacuum of confusion and meaninglessness. The consequence - then and now - is a fractured Sudan, struggling with a lost sense of identity.

But, this assumption overlooked a crucial reality: the British system is not a universal blueprint. It evolved within a specific European context — with centuries of institutional development, a relatively homogenous society, and deeply ingrained civic norms.

Sudan, by contrast, was a newly independent African nation with vast ethnic, religious, and regional diversity, and no shared political tradition to anchor such a system.

The result was a fragile imitation. Parties were often built around personalities, sectarian loyalties, or regional grievances rather than coherent ideologies or national platforms. Coalitions fractured, military coups followed, and authoritarianism took root.

It Is Still A Political Labyrinth!

Sudan’s post-independence history is a tapestry woven with ambition, ideology, and upheaval. From the hopeful coalitions of the 1950s to the authoritarian entrenchment of military regimes, the country's political journey has been anything but linear. These six essays explore the forces that have shaped and repeatedly reshaped Sudan's political identity as a vacuum, institutions that didn't work efficiently, and prospects for democracy that has never achieved properly.

Each article offers a distinct lens:

  • The rise and fall of party coalitions reveals how fragile unity gave way to enduring fragmentation.
  • The ascendancy of Islamist movements charts the ideological transformation of the state.
  • The military’s repeated interventions expose the cycles of authoritarianism that have stifled civilian rule.
  • The southern question and regional marginalization illuminate the roots of civil war and eventual secession.
  • The role of civil resistance highlights the resilience of Sudanese society in the face of repression.
  • And finally, the struggle for transitional justice confronts the legacy of violence and the quest for accountability.

Together, these essays do not offer easy answers — but they do provide a framework for understanding Sudan’s complex political terrain. They invite reflection, debate, and above all, a deeper appreciation of a nation still fighting to define its future.

How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan?

🏛️ How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan?: A Historical Overview

Sudan's political landscape has been shaped by a complex interplay of colonial legacies, religious movements, ethnic identities, and ideological struggles. The founding of political parties in Sudan reflects not only the country's quest for self-governance but also the deep tensions between tradition and modernity, secularism and Islamism, and central authority versus regional autonomy.

🌍 Colonial Roots and the Birth of Political Consciousness

Sudan's modern political history began under Anglo-Egyptian rule (1899–1956), a period that sowed the seeds of nationalist sentiment. Early political activism was largely confined to educated elites in urban centers, especially Khartoum.

Graduates' General Congress (1938): This was not a political party per se, but a forum for educated Sudanese to express nationalist aspirations. It laid the groundwork for future political mobilization.

National Unionist Party (NUP): Formed in 1952, it advocated for unity with Egypt and was backed by the influential Khatmiyya religious sect.

Umma Party: Founded around the same time, it represented the interests of the Mahdist movement and favored Sudanese independence from both Egypt and Britain.

These two parties became dominant forces in the lead-up to independence in 1956, each rooted in religious and sectarian loyalties.

🕌 The Rise of Islamist and Leftist Movements

Sudanese Communist Party (SCP): One of the most influential leftist parties in Africa during the 1940s, it attracted intellectuals and workers, advocating for socialism and secular governance.

Muslim Brothers party (later Islamic Charter Front and National Islamic Front): Founded in the 1940s, this movement sought to embed Islamic principles into the state. It later evolved into the National Congress Party under Hassan al-Turabi, which played a central role in Sudan’s political Islamization.

⚔️ Military Coups and Political Repression

Sudan's post-independence history has been punctuated by military coups that disrupted party politics:

1958, 1969, and 1989 coups each led to the suspension or banning of political parties.

Under Omar al-Bashir's regime, the National Congress Party monopolized power, suppressing opposition and manipulating religious rhetoric to maintain control. (1989–2019 and then its agendas continue in its legacy pursued by his military council and Janjaweed)

Despite repression, underground and exiled parties continued to operate, including regional movements like the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), which eventually led to South Sudan's splitting from the North in 2011.

🗳️ Post-Revolution Landscape

The 2019 revolution that ousted Bashir reignited political pluralism:

Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC): A coalition of civil society groups and opposition parties that led the transitional movement signed a delusive agreements with the remnant of Omer al-Bashir's authoritarian government and his Janjaweed to stop the revolution and share power with the criminals in the military council..

New parties, previous rebel groups and reformist movements have emerged, though the political scene remains volatile amid wars between the remnants of the previous regime, military interventions and civilian resistance.

🔍 Conclusion

Political parties in Sudan have never been mere vehicles for governance, they are expressions of deep-rooted sectarianism and struggles. From religious sects to revolutionary coalitions, Sudan's party system reflects a nation constantly stuck in its future between competing visions of unity, justice, and sovereignty.

The Role of Political Parties in Sudan's Independence!

Sudan’s path to independence was not merely a diplomatic negotiation, it was a political incomplete awakening. At the heart of this transformation were the country's emerging political parties, which gave voice to competing visions of Sudanese sovereignty, and governance. These parties were more than electoral machines; they were vehicles of national ambitions to gain control on power and wealth.

🏛️ The Colonial Context

Under Anglo-Egyptian rule (1899–1956), Sudan was governed as a condominium, with Britain and Egypt jointly administering the territory. Political expression was tightly controlled, but the seeds of nationalism began to sprout among educated elites and religious communities.

The Graduates’ General Congress (1938): This was the first organized political forum for Sudanese intellectuals. Though not a formal party, it laid the groundwork for political mobilization by advocating for Sudanese self-rule and cultural identity.

🕌 Religious Foundations of Political Identity

Sudan's political parties were deeply intertwined with religious sects, which shaped their ideologies and support bases:

  • National Unionist Party (NUP): Formed in the early 1950s, the NUP was closely aligned with the Khatmiyya Sufi order. It advocated for unity with Egypt and was led by Ismail al-Azhari, who would become Sudan's first prime minister.
  • *Umma Party: Rooted in the Mahdist movement, the Umma Party championed full Sudanese independence and was led by Abdallah Khalil. It represented a more nationalist and anti-Egyptian stance.

These two parties dominated the political scene in the lead-up to independence, each reflecting distinct religious and ideological currents.

🗳️ Electoral Mobilization and the Push for Sovereignty

Sudan's first parliamentary elections in 1953 were a turning point. The NUP won a majority, and Ismail al-Azhari formed a government. Initially favoring union with Egypt, al-Azhari shifted course under pressure from nationalist forces and declared Sudan's independence on January 1, 1956 and raised the first flag of the nation.

Political parties played a critical role in:

  • Negotiating the terms of independence: They engaged with British and Egyptian authorities to assert Sudanese sovereignty.
  • Mobilizing public support: Through rallies, newspapers, and religious networks, parties galvanized the population around the idea of self-rule.
  • Institution-building: Parties helped shape the early parliamentary system and drafted the transitional constitution.

⚖️ Post-Independence Challenges

Sudan's early years of independence were marked by instability. Rivalries between the NUP and Umma Party led to frequent government changes. In 1958, a military coup led by General Ibrahim Abboud suspended political parties and ushered in authoritarian rule.

Despite these setbacks, the legacy of Sudan's political parties in securing independence remains profound. They transformed abstract nationalist sentiment into organized political action and laid the foundation for Sudan's democratic aspirations. That kind of democracy was un fact cliches of democracy.

Sudan's Road to Independence: Was It A Nation Awakens or A Sleepwalk into Fragment?

Sudan's independence on January 1, 1956 marked the end of nearly six decades of colonial rule under the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium. But this milestone was not simply the result of diplomatic maneuvering, it was the culmination of decades of cultural assertion, political mobilization, and nationalist fervor.

🏛️ Colonial Legacy: Anglo-Egyptian Rule

From 1899 to 1956, Sudan was jointly administered by Britain and Egypt. This arrangement, known as the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, created a complex colonial structure that divided the country administratively and culturally:

  • Northern Sudan was more Arabized and Islamic, with stronger ties to Egypt.
  • Southern Sudan was governed separately, with Christian missionary influence and limited development.

This dual administration sowed seeds of division that would later erupt into civil conflict.

📚 The Rise of National Consciousness

Sudanese nationalism began to take shape in the early 20th century, driven by educated elites and religious leaders. The "Graduates’ General Congress", formed in 1938, was a key platform for intellectuals advocating for self-rule. Though not a political party, it laid the ideological foundation for future movements.

🕌 Political Parties and Religious Influence

Sudan's political struggle was deeply intertwined with religious sects, which shaped the identity and platforms of emerging parties, but certainly not the identity of Sudan. These parties became the primary vehicles for political mobilization in the 1950s.

⚖️ Challenges of Nationhood

Sudan's independence came with unresolved questions:

  • Federalism vs. centralism: The 1956 constitution did not address the country’s federal structure, alienating southern regions.
  • Secularism vs. Islamism: The role of religion in governance remained contentious.
  • Ethnic and linguistic diversity: With over 600 ethnic groups and 400 languages, national unity was fragile.

These tensions led to the First Civil War (1955–1972), even before independence was formally declared, highlighting the deep-rooted divisions within the new nation.

🌍 Legacy and Reflection

Sudan's independence was a triumph of political organization and national will. Yet, the post-independence era was marred by coups, civil wars, and authoritarian rule. The dream of a unified, democratic Sudan remains elusive, but the spirit of 1956 continues to inspire those who seek peace and justice.

Resource: https://enoughproject.org/blog/sudan-brief-history-1956

Interconnected Pages to Uncover how Competing Parties Overlooked Sudan's Unity!

This page is intertwined with other pages in the Sudanese section titled How Psychological Fear of Change Shattered Sudan. Here are the titles of these pages:

  • Psychological Fear of Change has contributed to the fracture of the largest country in Africa:
  • Personal Encounter with Fear: How Fear Devastated an Entire Country? (Part #1)
  • Sudan as a Modern Case Study of Fear-Driven Collapse! (Part #2)
  • Fear and Collective Behavior: How Dogma, Nostalgia, and Religion Shaped Sudan’s Destiny? (Part #3)
  • Reimagining Progress: How to Overcome Fear on Personal and Collective Levels? (Part #4)
  • The Anatomy of Fear: Lessons from Sudan and the Psychology of Change! (Part #5)
  • How Islamic Parties Repackaged Belief in Sudan? (Part #6)
  • Janjaweeds Conspiracy and Politics of Myth in Sudan (Part #7)
  • Forces of Freedom and Change Destroyed Sudan (Part #8)
  • How Sudan Lost Its African Soul: The Disappearance of Joy (Part #9)
  • Sudan Is Not a Pawn in Any Political Game! (Part #10)
  • How Sudan Was Hollowed from the Inside? A Scheme of Erasure! (Part #11)
  • Rising of the Phoenix - From Poetry to the Real Life of a Nation (Part #12)
  • How Widely Held Views Make Sudanese Selfish and Weak? (Part #13)
  • A Manifesto for the Rebirth of the Sudanese Real Identity! (Part #14)
  • Let Us Bring Sudan Home! (Part #15)
  • Crisis in Sudan is Not Civil War! (Part #16)
  • Muslim Brothers of Sudan from Foundation to Fragmentation! (Part #17)
  • Sudan From International Terrorism Patron to Prosecutor! (Part #18)
  • Has International Terrorism Disappeared? (Part #19)
  • How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan? (Part #20)
  • Competing Parties Overlooked Sudan's Unity! (Part #21)
  • Seeds of South Sudan's Secession - Neglect of Northern Elites! (Part #22)

These Sudanese political insights are available on the sections of the Global Dynamics to go through all of these pages and know more. It is important to know that saving Sudan is possible in the Action Guide as it provides the ways to get Sudan back in a new soul and shape.

Continue at Competing Parties Overlooked Sudan's Unity and when you complete reading close that page to continue here.

The Global Dynamics Explore World Uncertainty & the Action Guide Paves the Way for Change!

The Global Dynamics explore world crises and uncertainty and the Action Guide provides the way map for a progressive change in the world.

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How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan?: A Manifesto - Nimule Poem in Sudan's Map - I wrote this poetry so many years ago, when I first recognize that the fracture of Sudan has roots in history during the independence of the country from Britain in 1956. It was a call for Nimule, which is at the latest border of South Sudan to come and pick me up, as I symbolised myself as a child, looking for his mother and I in that poetry is symbolised also as Sudan.How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan?: A Manifesto - Nimule Poem in Sudan's Map - I wrote this poetry so many years ago, when I first recognize that the fracture of Sudan has roots in history during the independence of the country from Britain in 1956. It was a call for Nimule, which is at the latest border of South Sudan to come and pick me up, as I symbolised my self as a child, looking for his mother and I in that poetry is symbolised also as Sudan.

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How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — A Story of Division That Only National Unity Can Rewrite: Where ideology adjusts crisis, action takes root: The Martyr’s Tree, planted by the Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki and embraced by the students and all the Eritrean society, stands not just as a memorial, but as a gesture toward regenerative thinking ecological and collective... symbolizing the shift from remembering the fallen heroes of Eritrea in the liberation field to restoring the future. Journalist Khalid Mohammed Osman has created the idea of the "Eritrean Martyr's Tree" and carried with it in his national and environmental project to plant more than 5 million trees.How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — A Story of Division That Only National Unity Can Rewrite: Where ideology adjusts crisis, action takes root: The Martyr’s Tree, planted by the Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki and embraced by the students and all the Eritrean society, stands not just as a memorial, but as a gesture toward regenerative thinking ecological and collective... symbolizing the shift from remembering the fallen heroes of Eritrea in the liberation field to restoring the future. Journalist Khalid Mohammed Osman has created the idea of the "Eritrean Martyr's Tree" and carried with it in his national and environmental project to plant more than 5 million trees.
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How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan:

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How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — A Story of Division That Only National Unity Can Rewrite: Where ideology adjusts crisis, action takes root: The Martyr’s Tree, planted by the Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki and embraced by the students and all the Eritrean society, stands not just as a memorial, but as a gesture toward regenerative thinking ecological and collective... symbolizing the shift from remembering the fallen heroes of Eritrea in the liberation field to restoring the future. Journalist Khalid Mohammed Osman has created the idea of the "Eritrean Martyr's Tree" and carried with it in his national and environmental project to plant more than 5 million trees.How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — A Story of Division That Only National Unity Can Rewrite: Where ideology adjusts crisis, action takes root: The Martyr’s Tree, planted by the Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki and embraced by the students and all the Eritrean society, stands not just as a memorial, but as a gesture toward regenerative thinking ecological and collective... symbolizing the shift from remembering the fallen heroes of Eritrea in the liberation field to restoring the future. Journalist Khalid Mohammed Osman has created the idea of the "Eritrean Martyr's Tree" and carried with it in his national and environmental project to plant more than 5 million trees.
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Martyr's Tree Based in Eritrea, Bears Evidences that Global Dynamics Become Fundamental Executive Processes & Bed the World Behave Better

The Eritrean Martyr's Tree has been a successful project that resulted from my environmental activities, planning, fundraising, meeting, broadcasting and leading all of the Eritrean society to plant more than 5 million martyr's trees. Un fortunately, the Sudanese people are not revolutionists like the Eritreans, They failed to implement the martyr's tree I gave it their name to let their martyrs continue living and breathing through their trees.

How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — and How Their Legacy of Division Must Be Overcome to Reunite the Nation: One of the Eritrean Martyr's Trees have been planted at the gate of the Expo in Asmara and inside it. This is the square places for annual Eritrean Festivals and also annual New Year celebrations. I attended many of the official hight staffs New Year celebrations.How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — and How Their Legacy of Division Must Be Overcome to Reunite the Nation: One of the Eritrean Martyr's Trees have been planted at the gate of the Expo in Asmara and inside it. This is the square places for annual Eritrean Festivals and also annual New Year celebrations. I attended many of the official hight staffs New Year celebrations.
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How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — and How Their Legacy of Division Must Be Overcome to Reunite the Nation: Revolution is by pen and a mind. It is not by guns, or protests. Pick up my mind to see the truth and make the world better. Veteran activist, journalist and poet Khalid Mohammed Osman says.How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — and How Their Legacy of Division Must Be Overcome to Reunite the Nation: Revolution is by pen and a mind. It is not by guns, or protests. Pick up my mind to see the truth and make the world better. Veteran activist, journalist and poet Khalid Mohammed Osman says.

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How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — A Story of Division That Only National Unity Can Rewrite: Trump's Trade War: Global Ripple Effects! [Latest on The Insight Lens: 2025-04-17]

The Action Guide Establishes A New Sudan & A New Really Free World!

The starting actions to Build Yourself a System of Power that Can Save the World From Political Catastrophes are here at the Action Guide with the following steps to join the Horn Africa's Network to be acquainted with it, the basic foundation of the Principles of Citizen Journalism that Can Save the World From Political Catastrophes and they let you know in additional to all of that more basic information about the press media principles that encouraged me to create the LPE of the Masses' Era with its mind-blowing solutions to global political catastrophes. Not withstanding this, the generator of the Action Guide are the Global Dynamics. The Global Dynamics are actually generated with the first I started to examine how these dynamics which I have invented can change the world. The proofs of optimal success lie in the success of the experimental project:

To become a good activist and maybe a leader of one of the associations of the world masses, as you learned from the slogans of the political campaigns on "Citizen Journalism that Can Save the World From Political Catastrophes", fill out the 'Contact Us' form. Be sure to let me know that you've read "How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — and How Their Legacy of Division Must Be Overcome to Reunite the Nation", as well as the Global Dynamics. Show me that you understood what you read about the crises of the world along with the highlighted solutions through "How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — A Story of Division That Only National Unity Can Rewrite" and would like to create, or join one of the global masses associations. Let me know more about that you have learned well and so you decided to join and create the ERA OF THE MASSES.

Sign up for "Intelligentsia Multimedia Newspaper Revolutionizes Knowledge" by filling the form on this section of the "How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — and How Their Legacy of Division Must Be Overcome to Reunite the Nation" and submit it. This is a double-opt-in list to prevent someone who knows your email address from subscribing you, without having you to know about it. Check an email with a confirmation link, I'll send to you. If you didn't find it in your incoming emails box, please check your junk folder and move it to your inbox folder.

Forward HOA Political Scene to your friends, including the link of "How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — A Story of Division That Only National Unity Can Rewrite", as follows: https://www.hoa-politicalscene.com/how-sudan-was-hollowed-fom-the-inside-a-scheme-of-ersaure.html. Motivate them to read it and join the pioneering solutions to global crises, and take the same actions outlined in the "Action Guide".

You make your move, they make their moves with you. The point is that it is so important to work with them, so that more friends and "friends of their friends" join the discussion about global crises, political shallowness, the lack of political depth and know the guidelines of the World Social Revolution, which is a reflection of credibility of "How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — and How Their Legacy of Division Must Be Overcome to Reunite the Nation". You should at least make a few hundred friends as contacts to explain to them everything you have learned and understood from "How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — A Story of Division That Only National Unity Can Rewrite".

Setup a time to work in this project and arrange your contacts systematically into lists with basic information about each one of your contacts, such as name, age, gender, profession, email address and location. In this way, you will guide, organize and teach them as you have been taught into groups to carry out the process to build everyone a system of power, inspired by "How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — and How Their Legacy of Division Must Be Overcome to Reunite the Nation". I will let you know the specifications of these groups. Upon completion, please use the contact form to forward this information to me. You should have their consent, first. Then use the same "Contact Us" form to tell me you've done the first process and wait for further instructions.

Write your comments on "How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — A Story of Division That Only National Unity Can Rewrite" - The comments form is at the end of the page - and provide details on them. Don't feel that you can't write good, even if your language isn't good. Just write your comments in any language and I will edit and translate them for you to become a global writer and you will see a better result in the process of participating in the Global Peaceful Revolution. Such revolution doesn't need a weapon, it needs minds. Share your page when it is published.

Share the links on "How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — and How Their Legacy of Division Must Be Overcome to Reunite the Nation" and share the pictures of the global political campaigns on good websites. These images are on the first pages of the Global Dynamics I published earlier. Please don't do this on the social media of Facebook because it is a capitalist umbrella and more and if you want to know what's more, I will tell you, only when you ask and I will even show you methods to conquer any big social media, except Twitter.

Distribute the links of the videos you watch on "How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — A Story of Division That Only National Unity Can Rewrite" and hang the posters of the Global Revolution in public places. It will be good if you or your friends have public places such as bars, cafes, cafeterias, clubs, hotels, mini-market places, public companies and restaurants.

Read about the nature problems that affect the world badly, including the effects of global warming on many countries and on people, as you read on the posters of "Citizen Journalism that Can Save the World From Political Catastrophes" at 100-beautiful-sites-in-the-world.com/100-beautiful-sites-blog.html. This is a site dedicated to the effects of global warming that you read about here politically on "How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — and How Their Legacy of Division Must Be Overcome to Reunite the Nation".

Watch historical and political documentaries and films about the crises of environment and nature caused by classical regimes and open market big companies, and documentaries about some of the topics you read on the pictures of "Citizen Journalism Can Save the World From Political Catastrophes" at tvcinemaapp.com/tv-cinema-app-blog.html. This is another site oriented to the cinema and television that offers among documentaries cinematic analyzes movies and television series and lessons on how to install channels and watch movies free, so you don't need to pay for that.

** Please, if you find anything that does not make sense to you on "How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — and How Their Legacy of Division Must Be Overcome to Reunite the Nation", use the feedback form to write about it. I will answer your questions and reward you for that by offering you some good books to read and learn more about how to improve your life.

What Do You Think of "How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — and How Their Legacy of Division Must Be Overcome to Reunite the Nation"?

If you are a Sudanese, you should learn better from this network to realise that personal and family interests cannot be pursued when do not have a country that you call homeland. What is going in Sudan is a process to spilt the country more implemented by the remnants of the Muslim Brothers who continued after Omer al-Bashir's religious authoritarian regime. They are the assets of that regime along with their Janjaweed.

Everything that is going right now in those societal frameworks will not achieve anything fundamental regarding how to conquer these criminals. Yes, it can help affected citizens. But, just think, how many elements in these societal frameworks are ruled out by the elements of the military council and its Janjaweed.

If you are another person reading this, think of your homeland before you think of yourself or your family. That is because no personal interests or family interest can be achieved when you do not have a homeland.

To achieve your national goals and improve the world, subscribe to Intelligentsia Newspaper and implement the Action Guide. This world must be changed. Thanks you.

Let me know what you think of "How Were Political Parties Founded in Sudan — and How Their Legacy of Division Must Be Overcome to Reunite the Nation"?

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رواية "الموتُ شرقاً" تكشف لك سرّ الموت الشرقي التراجيدي المستمر للإنسان

Sudanese Journalist, poet, write and human and political activist Khalid Mohammed Osman

احصل علي الرواية الآن واكتشف إنهيار القواسم المشتركة، واستلهم إبداعا يشبه الأسطورة في النص الروائي

رواية الموت شرقاً بقلم خالد محمد عثمانرواية الموت شرقاً بقلم خالد محمد عثمان

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Horn of Africa's Political Tragedy, political analyses through history up to date by journalist and poet Khalid Mohammed Osman on Apple Books. Your support means a lot to the movement of the masses.Horn of Africa's Political Tragedy, political analyses through history up to date, by journalist, poet and writer Khalid Mohammed Osman on Apple Books. Your support means a lot to the movement of the masses.

Love in the Internet Time on Apple Books

Love in the Internet Time by journalist, poet and writer Khalid Mohammed Osman on Apple Books. This is a lifetime inspiring love story in the internet time.Love in the Internet Time by journalist, poet and writer Khalid Mohammed Osman on Apple Books. This is a lifetime inspiring love story in the internet time.

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Rising of the Phoenix, the second edition of the poetry by journalist, poet & writer Khalid Mohammed Osman on Apple Books. It includes love & political poetry & imagery & Surrealistic poetry.Rising of the Phoenix, the second edition of the poetry by journalist, poet and writer Khalid Mohammed Osman on Apple Books. It includes inspiring love and political poetry and imagery and Surrealistic poetry.

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Rising of the Phoenix Picture Book, of course with verses. The poetry by journalist & writer Khalid Mohammed Osman on Apple Books. It includes inspiring love and political poetry.Rising of the Phoenix Picture Book, of course with verses. The poetry by journalist, poet and writer Khalid Mohammed Osman on Apple Books. It includes inspiring love and political poetry and imagery and Surrealistic poetry.

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HOA Political Scene poem from Consistency by journalist and poet Khalid Mohammed Osman on Pierre Auguste Renoir's Parisian Woman.HOA Political Scene poem from Consistency by journalist and poet Khalid Mohammed Osman on Pierre Auguste Renoir's Parisian Woman.
Love in the Internet Time الحب في زمن الإنترنت by Author Khalid Mohammed OsmanLove in the Internet Time الحب في زمن الإنترنت by Author Khalid Mohammed Osman
HOA Political Scene poem from The Sun, the Sea, the Wedding by poet and journalist Khalid Mohammed Osman on Pierre Auguste Renoir's Dancing Couple.HOA Political Scene poem from The Sun, the Sea, the Wedding by poet and journalist Khalid Mohammed Osman on Pierre Auguste Renoir's Dancing Couple.
hoa-politicalscene.com - Sudanese writer Khalid Mohammed Osman's book, "Political Tragedy of the Horn of Africa".hoa-politicalscene.com - Sudanese writer Khalid Mohammed Osman's book, "Political Tragedy of the Horn of Africa".
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